What is Asbestos and Why is it Dangerous in Buildings?

Asbestos, once hailed as a miracle material, was extensively used in Australia for its fire resistance, strength, and insulation properties. However, over time, it became evident that this mineral posed severe health risks. Even though asbestos was banned in Australia in 2003, its legacy lingers in many older buildings. This article explores what asbestos is, why it was used, and why it poses such a serious danger, particularly for Australians navigating older structures and strict regulatory frameworks.

Understanding Asbestos

What is Asbestos?

Lidoran, who are professionals in asbestos roof removal say: Asbestos is a naturally occurring silicate mineral composed of fine, durable fibres. These fibres, resistant to heat, chemicals, and electricity, made asbestos ideal for construction and manufacturing. The three primary types of asbestos found in Australia are:

  • Chrysotile (white asbestos): The most commonly used in building materials.
  • Amosite (brown asbestos): Commonly found in cement sheets and pipe insulation.
  • Crocidolite (blue asbestos): One of the most dangerous, used in spray-on coatings and insulation.

History of Asbestos Usage in Australia

From the early 1900s to the late 20th century, Australia was one of the highest per-capita users of asbestos. It was widely used in residential and commercial construction, as well as in industries like mining and shipbuilding. Homes built before 1990 are particularly likely to contain asbestos, especially in roof shingles, floor tiles, and cement sheeting.

Properties of Asbestos

Why Was Asbestos So Popular?

Asbestos gained widespread use due to its unique properties:

  • Resistance to fire and high temperatures.
  • High tensile strength.
  • Durability against corrosion and weathering.
  • Excellent sound and thermal insulation capabilities.
  • Affordability and ease of incorporation into various building products.

The Hidden Dangers of Asbestos

While asbestos may seem like a construction marvel, its fine fibres are highly toxic when disturbed. Inhalation of airborne asbestos fibres is the primary cause of severe health conditions. Unfortunately, awareness of these dangers emerged too late for many Australians.

Asbestos in Australian Buildings

Common Uses of Asbestos in Construction

Asbestos was integrated into a wide array of building materials, including:

  • Roofing materials: Asbestos-cement sheets and shingles.
  • Wall cladding and ceilings: Commonly found in fibro (fibrous cement) products.
  • Insulation: Used around hot water pipes, heaters, and stoves.
  • Flooring: Vinyl floor tiles and adhesives.
  • Fireproofing: Spray-on coatings and fire-resistant boards.

Identifying Asbestos in Older Australian Homes

Many homes and buildings constructed before 1990 contain asbestos. Signs that asbestos might be present include:

  • Deteriorating fibro walls or roofs.
  • Worn-out vinyl floor tiles.
  • Aging insulation materials.

A professional asbestos inspection is the safest way to confirm its presence. In Australia, licensed asbestos assessors or occupational hygienists are qualified to conduct these inspections.

Why is Asbestos Dangerous?

Health Risks Associated with Asbestos

Exposure to asbestos fibres can lead to severe, often fatal, diseases, including:

  1. Mesothelioma: A rare cancer that affects the lining of the lungs, abdomen, or heart. Australia has one of the highest rates of mesothelioma globally.
  2. Asbestosis: A chronic lung disease caused by lung tissue scarring.
  3. Lung Cancer: Long-term exposure to asbestos can significantly increase the risk of lung cancer.

How Asbestos Fibres Cause Harm

When asbestos-containing materials are disturbed—through renovation, drilling, or demolition—microscopic fibres are released into the air. Once inhaled, these fibres can lodge in the lungs, causing inflammation, scarring, and, over time, life-threatening diseases. The latency period for asbestos-related illnesses can range from 10 to 50 years, making early detection and prevention critical.

Asbestos Regulations in Australia

The Asbestos Ban

Australia implemented a complete ban on asbestos in December 2003, prohibiting its manufacture, import, and use. Despite the ban, asbestos remains in many pre-1990 buildings, making management and removal essential for public safety.

Workplace Health and Safety (WHS) Laws

Under Australia’s WHS laws, employers, contractors, and property managers have strict obligations to manage asbestos risks. Key requirements include:

  • Asbestos registers: All workplaces constructed before 2004 must maintain a register of asbestos-containing materials (ACMs).
  • Asbestos management plans: Outlines how ACMs will be managed to prevent exposure.
  • Licenced removalists: Only licenced professionals can remove asbestos in Australia.

Role of Safe Work Australia

Safe Work Australia provides guidelines for identifying, managing, and removing asbestos. These include ensuring strict adherence to safety protocols, personal protective equipment (PPE), and disposal standards.

Safe Management of Asbestos

Asbestos Surveys and Testing

A professional asbestos survey is the first step in managing asbestos safely. These surveys identify the location, type, and condition of asbestos in a building. Homeowners and business owners should never attempt to inspect or remove asbestos themselves.

Removal vs. Containment

  • Removal: Necessary for friable (easily crumbled) asbestos that poses an immediate risk.
  • Containment: Involves sealing or enclosing non-friable asbestos to minimise fibre release.

Only licenced asbestos removalists, accredited under state or territory laws, can safely carry out these processes.

How to Protect Yourself from Asbestos Exposure

Safety Measures During Renovations

If you’re renovating an older home:

  • Avoid drilling, cutting, or sanding materials that may contain asbestos.
  • Wear appropriate PPE, including masks and disposable overalls.
  • Always consult a professional if you suspect asbestos is present.

Advice for Homeowners

For homes built before 1990:

  • Be cautious of aging materials, such as fibro sheets or old insulation.
  • Arrange an asbestos inspection before starting renovations.
  • Follow local council guidelines for asbestos disposal.

The Future of Asbestos-Free Construction in Australia

Eco-Friendly Alternatives

The construction industry has embraced safer, eco-friendly materials, such as cellulose fibre, fibreglass, and thermoplastic composites. These alternatives mimic the durability of asbestos without the health risks.

Awareness and Advocacy

Australia continues to lead global efforts in asbestos awareness, with organisations like Asbestos Safety and Eradication Agency (ASEA) advocating for safe management and education. Public health campaigns and community initiatives further help in reducing exposure risks.

Conclusion

Asbestos may no longer be used in construction, but its legacy persists in Australian homes and buildings. Understanding the risks, adhering to strict regulations, and relying on professional services are vital steps in protecting yourself and your loved ones. By embracing safer practices and materials, we can ensure a healthier, asbestos-free future for all Australians.